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正文 《六韬之战略篇章》(第2页/共3页)

:“引兵深入诸侯之地,遇深草蓊秽,周吾军前后左右,三军行数百里,人马疲倦休止。敌人因天燥疾风之利,燔吾上风,车骑锐士坚伏吾后。吾三军恐惧,散乱而走,为之奈何?”

太公曰:“若此者,则以云梯、飞楼远望左右,谨察前后。

见火起,即燔吾前而广延之,又燔吾后。敌人若至,即引军而却,按黑地而坚处。敌人之来,犹在吾后,见火起必还走。吾按黑地而处,强弯材士卫吾左右,又燔吾前后。若此,则敌不能害我。”

武王曰:“敌人燔吾左右,又燔吾前后,烟覆吾军,其大兵按黑地而起,为之奈何?”

太公曰:“若此者,为四武冲陈,强弩翼吾左右,其法无胜亦无负。”

其意思为:武王问太公说:“领兵深入敌国境内,遇到茂密的草丛树木围绕在我军前后左右,我军已行军数百里,人马困乏疲惫,需要宿营休息。这时,敌人利用天气干燥,风声疾速的有利条件,在我上风口放火,又使其车骑锐士埋伏在我军的后面,造成我三军恐怖,散乱逃跑,应该怎么办?”

太公答道:“在这种情况下,应该在宿营地竖起云梯、飞楼,登高瞭望和仔细观察前后左右的情况。发现敌人烧起大火,我也立即在军前较远的开阔地上放火,扩大火焚面积,同时又在我军后面放火,以便烧出一块黑地。若是敌人前来进攻,我就把军队撤到这块烧光草木的黑地上坚守。前来进攻的敌人此时落在我军后面,看到火起,必定退走。我军在黑地上布列阵势,以材士强弩掩护左右两翼,并继续放火烧掉我前后的草地。这样,敌人就不能加害于我了。”

武王问:“敌人既在我左右放火,又在我前后放火,以至浓烟覆盖了我军,而敌人的大军突然向我据守的黑地发起进攻,应该怎么办?”

太公答道:“遇上这种情况,应当把我军结成四武冲阵的战斗队形,以强弩掩护左右两翼。这种办法虽然无法取胜,但也不会导致失败。”

例如:本篇所言火战,是在被围状态下挫败敌人火攻的战术,具有防御的性质,只能救于一时,而难以持久。特别是敌人实行火攻,一般是处于上风处,而我军处于下风处。在这种情况下,以火攻对火攻,不仅难以达到目的,反而会烧及自己。因而本篇所言的人战方法,在实战中的实用价值很小。与此相反,在占有天时、地利的情况下,对敌实施火攻,是古代经常使用的战法之一,夷陵之战就是以火攻取胜的范例。

前世东汉建安二十四年(219 年),东吴孙权袭夺荆州,擒杀蜀将关羽。蜀章武元年(221 年),刘备不顾群臣反对,率军攻吴,企图为关羽报仇,夺回荆州。这年七月,刘备率十多万军队发起了大规模进攻。当时,蜀、吴两国的疆界已西移至巫山附近,长江三峡成为两国之间的主要通道。刘备派遣将军吴班、冯习率领四万多人为先头部队,夺取峡口,攻入吴境,在巫地(今湖北巴东)击破吴军李异、刘阿部,占领稊归。

孙权在蜀军的大举进攻下,任命陆逊为大都督,统率五万人抵御蜀军。陆逊通过对双方兵力、士气以及地形诸条件的仔细分析,认为刘备兵势强大,居高守险,锐气正盛,求战心切,吴军应暂时避其锋芒,再伺机破敌。于是说服诸将放弃立即决战的要求,实施战略退却,一直后撤到夷道(今湖北宜都)、猇亭(今湖北宜都北古老背)一线,然后在这里转入防御,遏止蜀军推进。这样,吴军完全退出了高山峻岭地带,把兵力难以展开的数百里山地让给了蜀军。

次年正月,蜀汉吴班率领的水军进入夷陵地区,屯兵长江两岸。二月,刘备亲率主力进抵亭,设立太本营。这时蜀军已深入吴境二三百公里。在吴军扼守要地、坚不出战的情,况下,蜀军不得已在巫峡、建平(今四川巫山北)至夷陵一线数百里地段上设立了几十个营寨。从正月到六月,两军相持不决。刘备百般挑战,陆逊均不予理睬。六月的江南,正值酷暑时节,气候炎热,蜀军将士不胜其苦,只好将水军转移到陆地,把军营设于深山密林里,依傍溪涧;屯兵休整,准备待秋后再发动进攻,由于蜀军处于吴国境内二三百里的崎岖山道上,远离后方,后勤保障困难,加上连营百里,兵力分散,从而为陆逊反击提供了可乘之机。

陆逊在大举反攻前,先派小部队进行了一次试探性进攻,从中找到了火攻蜀军连营的作战方法。因为当时江南正是盛夏,气候炎热,而蜀军的营寨都是由木栅筑成、周围又全是树林、茅草,一旦起火,就会烧成一片。陆逊命令吴军士兵各持一把茅草,乘夜突袭营寨,顺风放火,火势迅速漫廷,蜀军大乱。陆逊乘势发起反攻。吴将朱然率军猛攻击蜀军后部,切断蜀军退路。陆逊主力在腕亭向蜀军展开猛烈进攻,很快攻破蜀军四十余座营寨。 『加入书签,方便阅读』
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