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正文 《六韬之战略篇章》(第3页/共3页)

刘备见全线崩溃,逃到夷陵西北马鞍山,陆逊集中兵力,四面围攻,又歼灭蜀军数万之众。至此蜀军溃不成军,大部死伤和逃散,辎重丧失殆尽。刘备在部将护卫下拼死突围,摆脱追兵,逃入白帝城(今四川奉节东)。次年四月,恼羞于夷陵惨败,一病不起,亡故于白帝城,夷陵之战就这样结束了。

此战,陆逊正确分析敌情,大胆后退诱敌深入,最后巧用火攻,终于以五万兵力一举击败占有优势的蜀军,创造了古代火攻胜数的光辉范例。

垒虚第四十二

本篇论述了侦知敌人营垒虚实和敌人行动的方法。首先强调了将帅必须“上知天道,下知地理,中知人事”。接着论述了通过“登高下望”、“望其垒”、“望其士卒”,了解敌人的“变动”、敌人营垒的“虚实”、敌人的“去来”。具体办法是,“听其鼓无音,锋无声”,“垒上多飞鸟而不惊,上无氛气”,即可判断敌人的营垒空虚。敌人突然出动不久,便有士卒往回跑,这说明敌人行动太急,导致敌军行阵错乱,这时“急出兵击之,以少击众,则必胜矣。”

武王问太公曰:“何以知敌垒之虚实、启来自去?”

太公曰:“将必上知天道,下知地理,中知人事。登高下望,以观敌之变动。望其垒,即知其虚实;望其士卒,则知其去来。”

武王曰:“何以知之?”

太公曰:“听其鼓无音,锋无声,望其垒上多飞鸟而不惊,上无氛气,必知敌诈而为偶人也。敌人卒去不远,未定而复返者,彼用其士卒太疾2也。太疾则前后不相次3,不相次则行陈必乱。如此者,急出兵击之,以少击众,则必胜矣。”

其意思为:武王问太公说:“怎样才能知道敌人营垒的虚实和敌军来来去去的调动情况呢?”

太公答道:“将帅必须上知天时的逆顺,下知地理的险易,中知人事的得失。登高下望,以观察敌情的变化;从远处眺望敌人的营垒,就可知道其内部的虚实;观察敌士兵的动态,就可知道敌军调动的情况。”

武王问:“怎么才能知道这些事情呢?”

太公答道:“听不到敌营的鼓声,也听不到敌营的铃声,看到敌人营垒上有许多飞鸟而没受到惊恐,空中也没有飞扬的尘尘,就可知道这必定是座空营,敌人不过是用一些假人欺骗我们。敌人仓促撤退不远,还没有停下来又急忙返回的,这是敌人调动太忙乱的表现。调动太忙乱,前后就没有秩序。没有秩序,行列阵势就必然混乱。在这种情况下,我可急速出兵打击它,即使是以少击众,也必会取得胜利。”

我们举例子:

通过观察敌军营垒、士卒的情况,以判断敌情,并据此作出相应的决策,这是作战指挥的起码要求。春秋时期的平阴之战,晋军就是以此击败齐军的。

前朝帝王鲁襄公十八年(前 555 年),齐军进攻鲁国,晋平公命苟偃率军伐齐。

晋、鲁联军深入齐境,齐灵公率领齐军在平阴(今山东平阴东北)迎敌。齐灵公拒绝了大臣分兵扼守平阴以南地势险要的泰山余脉的建议,而是在平阴城外科沟高垒,掘堑而守。晋军料定齐军不会主动出战,决定以主力进攻平阴,另以一部迂回经鲁、莒国境越过沂蒙山区进袭齐都临淄。同时,前朝晋军主帅荀偃让中军副元帅士匄故意夸大其辞,告知与他素有交情的齐国大夫子家:“晋与鲁、莒两国,以战车千乘自鲁、莒国境疾袭临淄,临淄危在旦夕。一旦临淄丢失,齐国即亡,你应早作图谋,为自己的后路作打算。”子家将这一“秘密”转告齐灵公,齐灵公大为恐慌。

荀偃为进一步恐吓齐灵公,派兵在平阴以甫的山泽险要处遍插晋军旗帜,又做了许多草人,蒙上衣甲,立于战车上,并在车后拖着树杖柴薪,往来奔跑扬起尘土,以虚张声势,表示晋军人多势众。齐灵含登上平阴东北的巫山盼望军情,只见谩山遍野都是晋军旗帜飘扬,车马奔驰,扬起的尘土遮夭蔽日,以为晋军人多,吓得丧魂落魄,于当天夜晚悄悄撤军东逃。次日,师旷向晋侯报告:“乌鸦的叫声欢快,齐军可能已经逃走了。”邢伯也对荀偃说:“听到马匹盘旋的声音,齐军恐怕已逃走了。”叔向也向晋侯汇报说:“城上有乌鸦盘旋,说明平阴己是一座空城,齐军肯定逃走了。”于是,荀偃下令晋军进驻平阴城,并乘胜尾追齐军。晋军击败齐军后卫部队,连克齐国城邑,一路追赶,包围齐都临淄,并一直打到齐国的东境潍水,南边到达沂水,齐国遭到一次惨败。此役,晋军先是虚张声势,威慑敌人。继而根据城上乌鸦云集以及车马的盘旋声,准确判断出平阴己是空城,敌军已经逃走,即时发起追击,终于大获全胜。 『加入书签,方便阅读』

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