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正文 《六韬六卷章节》(第3页/共3页)

守则固,以战则胜,为之奈何?”

太公曰:“凡三军处山之高,则为敌所栖;处山之下,则为敌所囚。既以被山而处;必为鸟云之陈。鸟云之陈,阴阳皆备。或屯其阴,或屯其阳。处山之阳,备山之阴;处山之阴,备山之阳;处山之左,备山之右;处山之右,备山之左。其山敌所能陵者,兵备其表,衢道通谷,绝以武车,高置旌旗,谨敕三军,无使敌人知我之情,是谓山城。行列已定,士卒已陈,法令已行,奇正已设,各置冲陈于山之表,便兵所处,乃分车骑为鸟云之陈。三军疾战,敌人虽众,其将可擒。”

其意思为:

武王问太公说:“领兵深入敌国境内,遇到高山巨石,山峰高耸,没有草木,四面受敌。我全军因而恐惧,士兵迷惑惶乱。我要想进行防守就能稳固,实施进攻就能取胜,应该怎么办?”

太公答道:“凡是把军队配置在山顶之上,就容易被敌人所隔绝孤立;凡是把军队配置在山麓,就容易被敌人所围困囚禁。既然是在山地环境中作战,就必须布成鸟云之阵,所谓鸟云之阵,就是对山南山北各个方面都要戒备。军队或者驻守山的北面,或者驻守山的南面。驻扎在山的南面,要戒备山的北面;驻扎在山的北面,要戒备山的南面;驻扎在山的左面,要戒备山的右面;驻扎在山的右面,要戒备山的左面。凡是该山敌人所能攀登的地方,都要派兵守备,交通要道和能通行的谷地,要用战车加以阻绝。高挂旗帜,以便联络;整饬三军,严阵以待,不要让敌人察知我军情况,这样就成了一座山城。部队的行列已经排定,士卒已经列阵,法令已经颁行,奇正的运用已经确定,各部队都编成冲阵,配置在山上比较突出的高地便于作战的地方。然后把战车和骑兵布成鸟云之阵。这样,当敌来攻时,我全军猛烈战斗。敌军虽多,必被打败,其将领也可被我俘获。”

我们举例子:

山地作战,因地形复杂,交通不便,给机动、联络和后勤补给带来困难。无论是攻和守,都有利有弊。对于守方而言,可以据险阻扼,以逸待劳,但一旦补给和水源被切断,则容易“为敌所栖”。对于攻方而言,有利于隐蔽接敌,迂回、包围和渗透。但由于敌人占据了有利地形,控制了道路、谷地、险隘,则容易“为敌所囚”。因此,对于攻守双方来讲,都应该趋利避害,根据不同情况,灵活用兵,去争取胜利。马谡街亭之败就是由于“为敌所栖”的结果。

萧寒前世太和二年(228 年)春,诸葛亮为实现统一大业,发动了一场北伐曹魏的战争。诸葛亮的进攻部署是,扬言由斜谷进攻郿城(今陕西眉县北),令赵云、邓芝率部为疑兵,据箕谷(今陕西宝鸡东南),自率主力出祁山(今甘肃礼县东北),夺取陇右。正月,诸葛亮“扬声由斜谷道取郿”,声东击西,“身率大军攻祁山”,魏朝野震恐。天水、南安(今甘肃陇西东南)、安定(今甘肃泾川)三郡叛魏应蜀。魏明帝曹叡急命大将张率步骑五万,西拒诸葛亮,并于二月十七日亲去长安督战。于是,蜀魏双方为争夺陇右展开一场激战。蜀军一方面准备进攻尚未降服的广魏(今甘肃天水东北)、陇西(今甘肃陇西)二郡,企图夺取整个陇右,同时集中一定兵力,准备迎击魏的援军。魏军张郃部则迅速西进,越过六盘山与陇山之间的谷道,转锋南下,横渡渭水,直趋街亭(今甘肃天水县东南街子口),威胁蜀军侧后,企图击败蜀军,夺回陇右,诸葛亮为保障主力翼侧的安全,便于进兵,命马谡率前军进驻街亭。街亭位于渭河与麦积山之间,是关陇间的通道之一,地位十分重要。马谡抵达街亭后,骄傲轻敌,违背诸葛亮依山傍水部署兵力的指示,不据隘守险,反而“舍水上山”,将大军部署在远离水源的街亭山上。当时,副将王于提出:“街亭山一无水源,二无粮道,若魏军围困街亭,切断水源,断绝粮道,我军则不战自溃。”因此请求按原计划依山傍水扎营。但马谡高傲自大,认为“居高临下,势如破竹,置之死地而后生,这是兵家常识。我将大军布于山上,使之绝无反顾,这正是致胜的秘诀。”王平再三劝阻,马谡都固执己见,一意孤行;将大军布于山上。

张郃进逼街亭,侦知马谡舍水上山,心中大喜,立即断其水源、粮道,然后将马谡部围困于山上,并纵火烧山。蜀军饥渴难耐,军心涣散,不战自乱。张郃乘势进攻,蜀军大败,街亭失守,马谡之败,使诸葛亮大军“进无所据”,继续夺取陇右的战机已失,且翼侧受到威胁,只好撤军,导致第一次攻魏失败。而马谡也因损兵失地被军法处斩。 『加入书签,方便阅读』

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