正文 《六韬四》(第3页/共3页)
连二百人,组成一卒,由连长率领;一乡二千人,组成一旅,由乡良人率领;五乡一万人,组成一军,立一元帅。这样十五个于乡可以组成三军,从而扩大了兵源,增强了军力。
管仲非常重视经济的发展,打破了井田制的限制,采取了“相地而衰征”的措施,按照土地的好坏分等级征税。还规定国家经营盐铁事业,设立盐官煮盐,设立铁官掌管制造农具,鼓励鱼盐贸易等等。
管仲创设了“三选”制选拔人才。规定各乡把本乡中有才德武功的人推选到国家中去,是第一选。这些人经过有关部门的试用考核,将其中优秀的推荐给国君,这是第二选。国君再亲自考核,合格者任命为上卿的助手,为第三选。为了加强国君的权力,管仲要求桓公掌握住生、杀、富、贵、贫、贱“六柄”,实行“劝之以赏赐,纠之以刑罚”。
经过上述改革,齐国实力迅速增强,为后来齐桓公“九合诸侯,一匡天
下”,成为春秋时代的第一个霸主奠定了坚实的基础。
守土:第七
萧寒说:
本篇论述的是保守政权的策略。具体说来,有以下几点:对内“无疏其亲,无怠其众”;对外是“抚其左右,御其四旁”;政治上“无借人国柄”,防微杜渐;经济上富国殷民。接着进一步阐明了疏亲、失众以及“借人利器”的危害。最后指出,应以仁义敬众、合亲,这样就能达到“天下和服”的目的。
文王问太公曰:“守土奈何?”
太公曰:“无疏其亲,无怠其众,抚其左右,御其四旁。无借人国柄,借人国柄,则失其权。无掘壑而附丘,无舍本而治末。日中必替,操刀必割,执斧必伐。日中不替,是谓失时;操刀不割,失利之期;执斧不伐,贼人将来。涓涓不塞,将为江河;荧荧不救,炎炎奈何;两叶不去,将用斧柯。是故人君必从事于富,不富无以为仁,不施无以合亲。疏其亲则害,失其众则败。无借人利器,借人利器则为人所害,而不终其正也。”
文王曰:“何谓仁义?”
太公曰:“敬其众,合其亲。敬其众则和,合其亲则喜,是谓仁义之纪 。无使人夺汝威,因其明,顺其常。顺者任之以德,逆者绝之以力。敬之无疑,天下和服。”
其意思为:
文王问太公说:“如何才能守卫国土呢?”
太公答道:“不可疏远宗族,不可怠慢民众,安抚左右近邻,控制天下四方,不要把治国大权委托别人,把治国大权委托别人,君主就会失去自己的权威。不要挖掘沟壑去堆积土丘,不要舍弃根本去追逐枝末。太阳正当正午,要抓紧时机曝晒;拿起刀子,要抓紧时间宰割;执有斧钺,要抓紧时机征伐。正午阳光充足时不曝晒就会丧失时机;拿起刀子不宰割也会丧失时机,手执斧钺不杀敌,敌人就会乘虚而至。涓涓细流不堵塞,将会汇成滔滔江河;微弱的火星不扑灭,将会酿成熊熊烈火而无可奈何;刚萌芽的两片嫩叶不撷除,最终必得用斧柯去砍伐。所以,君主必须努力使国家变得富足。不富足就不能实行仁政,不行仁政就不能团结宗亲。疏远自己的宗亲就会受害,失去自己的民众就会失败。不要把统御国家的权力交给别人,统治权交给别人,就会被人所害而不得善终。”
文王问道:“什么是仁义呢?”
太公回答说:“尊重自己的民众,团结自己的宗亲。尊重民众就会和睦,团结宗亲就会欢喜。这就是行仁义的准则。不要让人篡夺了你的权力,要根据自己的明察顺应常理去处理事务。对于顺从自己的人,要施予恩惠加以任用;对于反对自己的人,就动用武力给予消灭。遵循上述原则而毫不迟疑,天下就会和顺而驯服了。”
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