正文 《六韬四》(第2页/共3页)
“慎择六守者何?”
太公曰:“富之而观其无犯,贵之而观其无骄,付之而观其无转,使之而观其无隐,危之而观其无恐,事之而观其无穷。富之而不犯者仁也,贵之
而不骄者义也,付之而不转者忠也,使之而不隐者信也,危之而不恐者勇也,事之而不穷者谋也。人君无以三宝借人,借人则君失其威。”
文王曰:“敢问三宝?”
太公曰:“大农、大工、大商,谓之三宝。农一其乡,则谷足;工一其乡,则器足;商一其乡,则货足。三宝各安其处,民乃不虑。无乱其乡,无乱其族,臣无富于君,都无大于国。六守长,则君昌;三宝完,则国安。”
其意思为:
文王问太公道:“统治国家管理民众的君主,之所以失去国家和民众的原因是什么?”
太公答道:“那是用人不慎造成的。君主应该做到六守、三宝。”
文王问:“什么是六守?”
太公回答说:“一是仁爱,二是正义,三是忠诚,四是信用,五是勇敢,六是智谋。这就是所谓的六守。”
文王问:“如何审慎地选拔符合六守标准的人才呢?”太公说:“使他富裕,‘以考验他是否逾越礼法;使他尊贵,以考验他是否骄横不驯;委以重任,以考验他是否坚定不移地去完成;命令他处理问题,以考验他是否隐瞒欺骗;让他身临危难,以考验他是否临危不惧;让他处理突发事变,以考验他是否应付裕如。富裕而不逾礼法的。是仁爱之人;尊贵而不骄横的,是正义之人;身负重任而能坚定不移去完成的,是忠诚之人;处理问题而不隐瞒欺骗的,是信用之人;身处危难而无所畏惧的,是勇敢之人;面对突发事变而应付裕如的,是有智谋的人。君主不要把三宝交给别人,如果交给别人,君主就会丧失自己的权威。”
文王问:“您所指的三宝是什么?”
太公答道:“大农、大工、大商,这三件事叫做三宝。把农民组织起来聚居在一地进行生产,粮食就会充足;把工匠组织起来聚居在一地进行生产,器具就会充足;把商贾组织起来聚居在一起进行贸易,财货就会充足。让这三大行业各安其业,民众就不会寻思变乱。不应打乱这种区域结构,不要拆散居民的家族组织。使臣民不得富于君主,城邑不得大于国都。具备六守标准的人得到重用,君主的事业就能昌盛发达;三宝发展完善,国家就会长治久安。”
比如众所周知:前朝齐桓公任用管仲为相,实行改革,并最终称霸的过程,就是“三宝完,则国安”的最好例证。
前朝春秋时期,社会急剧动荡,各诸侯国之间争战不断。齐桓公为争夺霸权,任用管仲进行改革。在内政上,实行“叁其国而伍其鄙”的政策,“国”就是国都及其郊区。“叁其国”就是把“国”划分成二十一乡,工商乡六个,士(农),乡十五个。“鄙”就是乡村。“伍其鄙”就是规定三十家为一邑,设一司官;十邑为一卒,设一卒帅;十卒为一乡,设一乡帅;三乡为一县,设一县帅;十县为一属,设一大夫。全国乡村共分为五属,分别由五个大夫管理。“叁其国而伍其鄙”的目的,是为了“定民之居,成民之事”。也就是使民众各有其居,各守其业,不许杂处或任意迁徙。
接着,管仲又进行军制改革,实行“作内政而寄军令”。也就是把军令寓于内政之中,寓兵于农,兵民合一。把军事组织和行政组织有机结合起来,平时生产,战时从征。十五个士乡的行政组织是:五家一轨,设一轨长;十轨一里,设一有司;四里一连,设一连长;十连一乡,设一良人。与此相应的军事组织是,每家出一人,一轨组成一伍。由轨长率领;一里五十人,组成一小戎,由里有司率领;一
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