正文 第27章 务实读书(下)(第1页/共3页)
高务实今年八岁,却已经开蒙接近五年,这是何等少见!怎么能不让高拱对他信心十足?
那些什么“三百千”[注:三字经,百家姓,千字文。]、《急就章》、《童蒙训》等已经问世的著名开蒙读物,他都早已倒背如流——这一点也不奇怪,他前世幼时,爷爷是乡下教师,早年读过私塾的那种,所以“老观念”很重,以上开蒙书全部让高务实背过,甚至这里头还缺了高务实自己最喜欢的两本《龙文鞭影》和《增广贤文》,这两本书眼下尚未面世,高务实甚至一直在犹豫要不要默写出来造福大众。
当然,造福大众这个心态他虽然的确是有一点一点,但最根本的原因是,他希望用这两本书“养望”。只是后来仔细思考了一番,觉得《龙文鞭影》若是有机会的话倒是可以拿出来一用,但《增广贤文》却不行——这本书怎么看都是一本看透了世态炎凉的“老江湖”才能落笔之作,并且话里话外遵循的都是荀子的性恶论,以他小高先生的出身、年纪、经历,写出来也只会被当做是请人捉刀邀名,反而不美。
高务实眼下所读之书,乃是《大学》,在明代读《大学》,必然要同时读与之“配套”的《大学章句》,毕竟明朝尊朱熹为朱子,朱子的观点若不熟读精通,科考必然是没有好结果的。而事实上,他真正喜欢并且常常认真研读的有关《大学》的书,却是邱濬的《大学衍义补》。
高务实一贯觉得,四书也好,五经也罢,内容大多数都太过于“形而上”,或者用他内心的话来说,干脆就是:高谈阔论。
但读《大学衍义补》则不光是学问上的事,也是治国理念上的事——明代实学,源出于此。
“实”本是个会意字,《说文》里解释实字:“实,富也,从宀(注:念‘棉’。)、贯。”贯是货物的意思。所以段注:“以货物充于屋下,是为实。”可见实即为真实、充实之意,而延伸到实学便可以理解为切实具有的学问,是指真才实学,甚或实用之学,乃至以国富民强为目的的学问。
实学一说,先是见诸于唐宋,但其渊源,则至少应该上溯至汉时。汉儒以先秦孔子教授学生的六种典籍《诗》、《书》、《易》、《礼》、《乐》、《春秋》为经,但因后来其一失传,只余其五,遂称五经。汉时儒学渐重,自董仲舒上书武帝,提出“诸不在‘六艺’之科、孔子之术者,皆绝其道,勿使并进”的主张后,儒学更受到官方的支持和推广,逐渐成为官学。当时的读书人无不习经,能通一经者即为儒生,能兼通五经、博综众说者为通人,被视为有实学。
或许有人纳闷,儒学在后世人眼中明明就是个“光讲大道理”的学说,根本没几个人会把儒学跟实用挂钩而论,怎么回事呀?
著名历史学家吕思勉先生说:“儒术之兴,既因实政,故其学于实用颇切。”又说:“当时之治经者,率重事实而不龂龂
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