正文 第27章 务实读书(下)(第2页/共3页)
于简策，故其学有用而不繁。”吕先生的意思是说，当初儒学在汉代以经学的形式兴起之时，注重实政、实事，堪称实学。其后，由于经学内部的今古经文相争以及董仲舒天人感应的神学目的论提出，助长了谶纬迷信之风，使得儒家经学日益繁琐、诡秘、虚妄，渐渐走向了初期儒学的反面。
而邱濬的《大学衍义补》之所以被高务实看做明代实学之始，原因何在？盖因明人之读《大学》，一如宋人真德秀所作之《大学衍义》，只注重于了解格物、正心、修身、齐家之理，而对于治国、平天下之事无所道及。因此《大学衍义补》便主要以治国、平天下为主要着眼点加以阐述，其中无论政治理念、经济理念、民族理念等等，均有阐发。
其政治思想，如君主之作用、君民之关系等，有着比前人更明晰清楚的论述，但总的来说，还是在民贵君轻这个范畴之下的衍申，不必细讲。但其在经济理论上的观点，在当时而言却颇为先进，譬如他说：“盖天下百货皆资于钱以流通，重者不可举，非钱不能以致远；滞者不能通，非钱不得以兼济；大者不可分，非钱不得以小用，货则重而钱轻、物则滞而钱无不通故也。”这便是认识到了“钱”即是后世所说“一般等价物”的道理。
说到明朝宝钞的弊端，他不仅阐述问题，而且提出了解决之法：“莫若以银与钱钞相权而行，每银一分易钱十文，新制之钞每贯易钱十文，四角完全未中折者每贯易钱五文，中折者三文，昏烂而有一贯字者一文，通诏天下以为定制而严立擅自加减之罪，虽物生有丰歉、货直有贵贱，而银与钱钞交易之数一定而永不易，行之百世，通之万方。”
这里的“银与钱钞交易之数一定而永不易，行之百世，通之万方。”实际上应该是确立以银为本位的纸币发行制度，以避免纸币滥发造成的货币贬值。在当时来看，银本位财政体系放眼全球也许有些问题，但邱濬所处的时代，西方大航海都还只是刚刚开始，明朝内部如果执行银本位财政体系，高务实觉得应该还是很先进货币思想。甚至就算是眼下离邱濬时代又过去了七八十年，银本位在大明内部执行也未尝不行——至少比当前的混乱要好。
其他诸如提出劳动价值论、反对国家专卖制度而提倡民间自由贸易、倡议朝廷设立“古之计相”——类似后世国家统计局——乃至提出各地每年上报粮价而朝廷据此规定赋税额度等等，不少甚至是高务实“救明”计划中要分步骤实行的类似方针。
高务实所以深读《大学衍义补》，也有一个原因就是要从这些前贤的著作、言论中为将来的改革找一些依据。须知在中国历史上，尤其是董仲舒之后的儒家盛行时代，改革可不是当政者随口说一声就能实行的，没有一定的理论依据，没有一定的舆论基础，根本不可能。
此时他正看到“河漕视陆运之费省什三四，海运视陆运之费省什七八，盖河漕虽免陆行而人挽如故，海运虽有漂溺之患而省牵率之劳，较其利害，盖亦
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