正文 第32章 理清思路(上)(第1页/共2页)
说是这么说,想是这么想,但创造机会也并不是易事。按照此前高务实的想法,原本历史上的倒高三人组,其实也并非一开始就是铁板一块。
这里头,真正和高拱有着不可调和的政治矛盾的,只有张居正。虽然高拱和张居正目前正处于蜜月期,且此前也多数处在政见相近的情况,二人的政治目标也颇为一致,或者至少说是颇为类似,但他们二人有一个永远无法开解的矛盾:即便大家都是改革派,可是……谁主谁从?
后世有些学者囿于历史偏见或狭隘地域观念,强行把高、张对立起来,认为张是改革家,而高则是“奸相”、“佞臣”。这种“褒张贬高”的倾向即使在高务实穿越前还有一定影响。而事实上,高、张二人在很长一段时间内互相保护、互相帮衬,不仅在政治上倚为同盟,在学术上也有颇多共同之处。然而可惜的是,从个性而论,无论高拱还是张居正,恐怕都认为隆万大改革的英雄人物,只需一人足以!
高务实自穿越后没多久就打定主意帮助高拱,这里头自然有很大一部分原由是因为自己穿越成了高拱之侄,而如果要“更好更快”的拯救大明,这个身份十分有用,高务实不想抛弃。但他自问也不是完全由屁股决定了脑袋,因为高拱从各个方面来讲,都是值得他倾力维护的。
从历史来看,在政治上高拱开创了明中后期“隆万大改革”的先河。之所以能称之为开创,是因为高拱有三个“首先”。即首先奠定了隆万大改革的理论基础——“法以时迁,则更法以趋时”的变法思想;首先提出了隆万大改革的政治纲领——《挽颓习以崇圣治疏》(高疏于嘉靖四十五年提出,张居正《陈六事疏》于隆庆二年呈上);首先把改革思想和纲领付诸实践,他的改革还为张居正的改革奠定了人事、政策基础。有这三个“首先”,开创一词,高拱当之无愧。
而在学术上,高拱则是明代实学思潮的先驱者。嘉、隆、万三朝本是阳明心学和经世实学的勃兴时期(虽然心学逐渐变味了)。但高拱通过批判此时心学空虚寡实之弊,全面阐发了其实学思想,即“天地之间惟一气”的元气实体论,提出“在天有实理,在人有实事”的实理实事论,“事必求其实”,“虚心以求其是”的求实求是论,“官修实政而民受实惠”的实政实惠论。他的实学思想对明清之际整个实学思潮的鼎盛也产生了不小的影响。从宋元明清气学发展得高度来看,高拱既是明代气学阵营的重要代表,也是构成从张载到王夫之气学发展的中间环节,具有非常重要的承上启下历史地位。
而且高拱绝非一个只提理论而短于实践的理论学者,他是一个非常有能力的实干派。尤其是高拱在隆庆后期职掌吏部继又提任首辅后,针对嘉靖中期以后的诸多弊端,大刀阔斧地进行了一系列改革。
在吏治方面,实行进士举人并用,破除举官舞弊陋习,创建人事档案,建立任官梯队,完善地区回避制度,州县正官年轻化,精简机构
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