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正文 兵书之《六韬问世》(第3页/共3页)

sp; 《六韬》还强调了用兵要见机而作,以谋略取胜,而不以力战。“故善战者,不待张军。善除患者,理于未生。善胜敌者,胜于无形。上战与无战。故争胜于白刃之前者,非良将也。设备于已失之后者,非上圣也。智与众同,非国师也;技与众同,非国工也。”在《六韬》中,还论述到了步、车、骑三种兵种配合作战的战术问题。《均兵》指出了车、骑的地位及其不同作用:“车者,军之羽翼也,所以陷坚陈(阵),要(邀击)强敌,遮走北(败军)也。骑者,军之伺侯也,所以踵败军。绝粮道,击便寇也。”如果步兵与车、骑作战,那么,“必依丘陵险阻,长兵强弩居前,短兵弱发弩居后,更发更止。敌之车骑虽众而至,坚阵疾战,材士强弩,以备我后”(《战步》)。如果是平地作战,方法是“令我士卒为行马、木蒺藜;掘地匝后,广深五尺,名曰命笼。人操行马进步,阑车以为垒,推而前后,立而为屯;材士强弩,备我左右。然后令我三军,皆疾战而不解(《战骑》)。对车、骑、步的协同作战及如何运用步兵对付敌人车、骑兵的办法做了详细的论述。

对于军队的建设,《六韬》认为首先应注意将领的选拔与培养。因为“国之大事,存亡之道,命在于将。将者,国之辅,先王之所重也”(《论将》)。“社稷安危,一在将军。”(《主将》)。所以,对于将领的选拔、考察就不能不认真细致。它认为:“将有五材十过。……所谓五材者,勇、智、仁、信、忠也。……所谓十过者,有勇而轻死者,有急而心速者,有贪而好利者,有仁而不忍人者,有智而心怯者,有信而喜信人者,有廉洁而不爱人者,有智而心缓者,有刚毅而自用者,有懦而喜任人者。”(《论将》)不同的人,具有不同的长处与短处,应该有清醒的认识。它还提出了选择考察将领的各种方法。值得注意的是,《六韬》还提出了建立参谋部的问题。

《六韬》还系统地论述了将领的自主权问题。《立将》明确记述了国君于太庙誓师,以斧钺授将,将受命出征的具体仪式,而且还郑重其事地论述了将帅应有的统率三军,独断专行的权利。“国不可从外治,军不可从中御。二心不可以事君,疑志不可以应敌……军中之事,不闻君命,皆由将出。临敌决战,无有二心。若此,则无天于上,无地于下,无敌于前,无君于后。是故智者为之谋,勇者为之斗,气厉青云,疾苦驰鹜,兵不接刃,而敌降服。战胜于外,功立于内。”这里的核心是“军不可从中御”和“军中之事,不闻君命,皆由将出”。意思是“将在外,君命有所不受”。军队不能由国君在中枢机构中具体指挥,而应完全由将领根据战场上的实际情况来指挥,这样才能取得胜利。将领有自主权,就有了主动权。对于士卒,《六韬》也很重视其选拔与训练。

《练士》说:“军中有大勇敢死乐伤者,聚为一卒,名为冒刃之士;有锐气壮勇强暴者,聚为一卒,名曰陷陈(阵)之士;有奇表长剑、接武齐列者,聚为一卒,名曰勇锐之士;有披距伸钩、强梁多力、溃破金鼓、绝灭旌旗者,聚为一卒,名曰勇力之士;有逾高绝远、轻足善走者,聚为一卒,名曰寇兵之士;有王臣失势欲复见功者,聚为一卒,名曰死斗之士;有死将之人子弟欲与其将报仇者,取秋一卒,名曰敢死之士;有赘婿人虏欲掩迹扬名者,聚为一卒,名曰励钝之士;有贫穷愤怒欲快其志者,聚为一卒,名曰必死之士;有胥廉免罪之人欲逃其耻者,聚为一卒,名曰伟用之士;有材技兼人,能负重致远者,聚为一卒,名曰待命之士。”这里强调的是对士卒的因材施用与组织方法。士卒的才能、性格等是千差万别的,把这些人按一定的原则组织起来,就可以充分发挥他们潜能,取得胜利。对于军队的治理,《六韬》提出了刑赏并重和“杀贵大,赏贵小”的原则。

《将威》中写武王问太公怎样才能做到令行禁止,树立将帅的威信,太公说:“将以诛大为威,以赏小为明;以罚审为禁止而令行。故杀一人而三军震者,杀之;赏一人而万人说者,赏之。杀贵大,赏贵小,杀及当路贵重之臣,是刑上极也;赏及牛竖马洗厩养之徒,是赏下通也。刑上极,赏下通,是将威之所行也。”杀和赏都是将帅建立威信的手段,这一点在咱们虎部图书馆《孙子兵法》、《孙膑兵法》等兵书中提到过,但明确地提出“杀大赏小”原则的以《六韬》为最早。所谓“杀大赏小”,就是杀位高者以震慑他人,赏位卑者以激励众干。这是行之有效的方法。《六韬》虽然从总体水平来说赶不上咱们图书馆兵书《孙子兵法》、《孙膑兵法》等,但也有其独特的价值。 『加入书签,方便阅读』

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