正文 后记 在历史与文学的分叉点(第1页/共3页)
大英博物馆里对于文艺复兴的解说是:“这是人们改变看待世界方式的时代。”
在中国人的历史里,“看待世界的方式”其实一直发生着变化。“二十四史”向来被认为是确凿记载、复盘过去的“准绳”,但它们的标准,却因时代的不同而不同。
《史记》里,司马迁记载了三皇五帝,记载了“信而见疑,忠而被谤”的屈原,记载了“赵氏孤儿”的故事。在司马迁的标准里,他写历史,为了“究天人之际,通古今之变,穷一家之言”。所以在他的历史里,他问道,如果上天是公正的,为什么伯夷叔齐这样有德行又近乎严厉地要求自己的人,却落得饿死首阳山的下场?
但司马光,他不会这样问。《资治通鉴》里,没有屈原,没有李白杜甫,也没有伯夷叔齐,他只关心那些“有鉴于往事,以资于治道”的人与事。他的标准是,作为一个“社会人”,怎样才算履行了自己的职责?
“史书”是历史记载,更是史家最火热明确又无保留的道德观念。在我们放心地把他们的记载当做发生过的事实的时候,也照单全收了史家关于“善恶”“对错”和“世界应该有的样子”的标准。所以,文明史学家威尔·杜兰特说,历史大部分是猜测,剩下的是偏见。作为后来人,我们其实没有选择另一种视角的权利——材料与观点早已血肉相连,我们看到的过去,永远透过的是历史学家的眼睛,我们甚至没有权利去选择景深、色调,到底特写谁。
但好奇心并不允许亦步亦趋的,总想要发现更多的角度、材料,拼凑出更完整更有血肉的人物。裴松之给《三国志》做注,做出了许多细节丰富的侧面,甚至改写了人物的品格。他提供了荀彧的两种死法:陈寿在《三国志》正文里写,荀彧因为忧虑死了。裴松之却说,《魏氏春秋》还有另一种讲法:曹操送给荀彧空食盒,荀彧便知道,这是曹操不能容忍他,便自杀了。他也提供了曹操杀吕伯奢一家的两种解释:《魏书》说,曹操逃到吕伯奢家,吕伯奢的儿子们知道董卓在捉拿曹操,想要把他绑起来,曹操杀了他们跑了。《世说新语》里说,曹操因为怀疑吕伯奢要把自己交给董卓,杀了吕伯奢和他的儿子,自称“宁愿我负天下人,不可天下人负我”。而陈寿根本没在《三国志》里记载这件事情。
后来修历史的人在选择甄别材料的时候,也往往受不住诱惑,甚至根本就是在寻找一条符合自己故事脉络的拼图。
《晋书》为后来人所批评,因为在编纂当中,采用了太多的“小说家言”:《语林》《世说新语》《幽明录》《搜神记》,不仅有段子,还有怪力乱神。但这给后人提供了更多观察人物的角度。像是一整版拼图,拼成一个完整的图样,严丝合缝,点儿不剩才算“正确”。现在,不再有绝对的“正确”,因为有了更多的拼图块儿,也就有了更多的可能。
鲁迅曾经赞扬《史记》,说它是“史家之绝唱,
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