正文 第33章 私盐贩子的怒吼(第2页/共3页)
唐朝也不例外,特别是晚唐时期,盐铁专卖的利润几乎支撑起全国一半的财政收入,成为大唐帝国的命根子。
铁矿的开采、冶炼和锻造,不是普通老百姓能玩儿得转的。而盐就不同了,几乎没有任何技术和设备上的门槛,甚至没有资金的要求,舀一瓢海水,晒干了,就能卖钱。
门槛低、操作简单,而其中的暴利,又实在令人眼馋。当时朝廷的盐利在900%左右,一块钱成本,卖十块钱,还不存在竞争对手。
“只要有10%的利润,它就会到处被人使用;有20%,就会活泼起来;有50%,就会引起积极的冒险;有100%,就会使人不顾一切法律;有300%,就会使人不怕犯罪,甚至不怕绞首的危险。”——《资本论》第一卷
三倍的利润就可以无视死罪了,何况是九倍。
在封建时期“盐铁专卖”的制度下,一个古老的职业始终如影随形——贩私盐。
对于胆敢乱动“盐铁专卖”这个命根子的私盐贩子,朝廷自然要给予最严厉的处罚——死刑。甚至要实行“连坐”。
以唐朝法律为例:私自盗卖一斗以上者,杖背;一石者,处死;没收其贩运所用车马;为其犯罪违法行为提供场地支持(仓库房东)的,同样被治罪。地方官员有义务稽查境内私盐,如漏查一石以上者,罚俸禄,如搜出一斗者,赏千钱。辖境内如一个月内发生两起贩私盐案,县令被撤职;发生十次,刺史被罚俸;十次以上,观察使被处罚。
即便面临严厉的刑罚,但在巨额的利润面前,历朝历代都有人顶风作案。比如我们熟知的隋末唐初的风云人物——程咬金。
“贩私盐”的特点是门槛低、高利润、高风险……所以要想从事这个行业,单打独斗是不行的,一般来说都是有组织犯罪集团——盐帮。一面要躲避朝廷的稽查搜捕,另一面还要与其他私盐贩子抢地盘、争斗,也就是“黑吃黑”。
各方面都与今日的贩毒集团高度吻合。
唐末,也有民间资本合法地参与官府的盐铁专卖。其模式就是官府把官盐批发给分包商,再由分包商零售给终端客户。官府吃肉,分包商喝汤。
比如黄巢,他们家世代从事官盐分包业务。
这种分包业务本身的利润是很低的,通常情况下,分包商是借用官府颁发的营业执照,从事贩私盐的勾当,把私盐充作官盐卖,以牟取暴利,也就是将“贩私盐”合法化,其实质是走私加偷税漏税。
这是行业内部公开的秘密。官府基本是睁一眼闭一眼,因为盐商会拿出一部分利润“意思意思”,大家都有好处,合作愉快。
久而久之,分包商就成了“
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