正文 第十章 与人为友(第2页/共3页)
人。十四岁时于大云寺为沙弥，就高僧智满禅师学佛，后又赴长安从弘景法师受具足戒，先后达三年，遂返扬州，学识渊博。日本僧人荣睿、普照来华学佛留学，并敦请鉴真赴日传佛。鉴真欣然应允，并克服种种困难，先后六次始获成功。他携带佛经、佛具及佛象，于天宝十二年（753年）抵日本。此时鉴真双目失明，但他仍努力弘扬佛法，传播中国文化并以其丰富之经验，讲授医药知识，特别是他所带之香料药物等，至今日本奈良招提寺及东大寺正仓院仍保存有其遗迹。尝治愈光明皇太后及圣武天皇之病（见天台乌药）。日本曾授予“大僧都”、“大和上”封号，日本人民誉他为“过海大师”。其著作有《鉴上人秘方》，惜未见流传。
他在14岁时被智满收为沙弥，配居大云寺。神龙元年（705），依道岸律师受菩萨戒。景龙元年（707），出游洛阳，继至长安。次年在长安实际寺依恒景律师受具足戒。巡游两京，究学三藏。对于律藏，造诣尤深。为他授戒的道岸、恒景，都是律学的一时名德，又是南山宗开创人道宣律师的再传弟子。他的律学，虽师承南山宗，但他并不持一家之见。唐代律学，除了独占优势的南山宗外，还有相州日光寺法砺的相部宗和西太原寺怀素的东塔宗，一时鼎足而三。其后，鉴真东渡日本携带的律学典籍则兼及后者两宗。在传授中又以法砺的《四分律疏》、定宾（属相部宗）的《饰宗义记》与道宣的《行事钞》三书为主，重点尤在法砺、定宾所著两书。
在佛教建筑、雕塑等方面，他也颇多建树。据《唐大和上东征传》记载，鉴真后归淮南，教授戒律，每于“讲授之间，造立寺舍，……造佛菩萨像，其数无量”。在医药学方面，博达多能，品鉴极精，曾主持过大云寺的悲田院，为人治病，亲自为病者煎调药物，医道甚高。
天宝元年（742），日本僧人荣睿、普照受日本佛教界和政府的委托，延请他去日传戒，鉴真欣然应允，从当年开始至天宝七载，12年中，先后五次率众东渡，由于海上风浪、触礁、沉船、牺牲以及某些地方官员的阻挠而失败；尤其是第五次遭到恶风怒涛的袭击，在海上漂了14天，最后漂到海南岛的振州（今崖县）。返途经过端州时，日本弟子荣睿病故，鉴真哀恸悲切，加上炎热，突发眼疾，导致双目失明。但他东渡弘法之志弥坚，从未动摇。天宝十二载第六次东渡，终于到达了日本九州，次年二月至平城京（今奈良）。
鉴真在日本受到朝野盛大的欢迎。旋为日本天皇、皇后、太子等人授菩萨戒；为沙弥证修等440余人授或；为80们僧舍旧戒授新戒。自是日本始有正式的律学传承。鉴真被尊为日本律宗初祖。756年孝谦天皇任命他为大僧都，统理日本僧佛事务。759年，鉴真及其弟子们苦心经营，设计修建了唐招提寺，此后即在那里传律授戒。在营造、塑像、壁画等方面，他与弟子采用唐代最先进的工艺，为日本天平时代艺术**的形成，增添了异彩。如唐招提寺建筑群，即为鉴真及其弟子留下的杰作。整个结构和装饰，都体现了唐代建筑的特色，是日本现存天平时代最大最美的
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