正文 第5章 山川复清明(第1页/共3页)
个多月后,狐岐山下,正在举行大地之母后土的祭典,追怀女娲神炼石补天,树立四极,衍生万物的恩德,而如今恰逢水患得治,也注定了这将是每个人心中最难忘的一年盛典。
(后土:后土圣母被尊为“中华最古之祖,土地最尊之神”;山西省运城市万荣县后土祠被认为是海内后土祠庙之冠,是皇家祭祀后土之源,从汉代至宋代,历朝皇帝先后24次在万荣汾阴祭祀后土。根据民间习俗,农历三月十八是后土圣母的诞辰之日。百姓们在这一天都会去后土祠祭祀后土圣母,感谢她滋生万物、哺育人类,祈祷五谷丰登、子孙繁盛、国泰民安。在母系氏族社会,氏族(部落)的首领称为“后”;而土者,地也。“地即母”(《后汉书·傀嚣传》),二者都是繁衍人类,化育万物的。所谓“后土”,就是母系氏族社会最高的女性君王。近年来,也有人认为,后土其实就是传说中的“女娲”,本文亦采用了这种观点。远古时代,现身于世界各地的“大母神”都有相似特征,其形象中就有“大地”的符号,大地是大容器的变体,由球状的包裹性,转向平面的延展性,跟女性平展而柔软的肚腹呼应,并以绵延的群山、辽阔的湖海、繁茂的森林为基本意象。历史上,许多“大母神”被描绘成坐在地上,这坐姿表达了她们与大地的紧密联系,甚至她们就是大地的一部分,而这大地则反过来成为大母神的坐席与王位。大母神不仅是部落的保护神,而且是部落间互相识别的标记,在部落联盟出现后,上升为联盟的共神,进而成为酋邦和王国的共神,以至于进入父系社会以后,在神话传说及节日中都留有女性占据很高地位的时代回忆。本文的山神祭祀仪式取自《山海经》,记述了部落联盟的远古历史,彼时女娲已经被奉为神(《大荒西经》有载:“有神十人,名曰女娲之肠,化为神”),由此揣度书中所记年代大概已处于父系制的重要时期了。据介休《重修后土庙碑记》记载,南朝宋孝武帝大明元年(457年)及梁武帝大同二年(536年)皆重修之。于是有推测,早在1600多年前的南北朝时或更早介休就有了后土庙,因此兴修庙宇成为后文的情节,如今庙宇的格局是明正德十一年(公元1516年)重修时所置,而后不断扩建形成的。)
在搭好的高大土基上,乡亲们郑重移来一棵青葱翠柏,再以方鼎盛放谷物瓜果献上,并在毛物中选了一只公鸡、一头猪埋入地下,又取精心雕琢过的玉壁和玉珪各一块,默祷之后投向山中,众人按长幼为序列队齐整,在统一号令下,伏地膜拜。
(祭祀用鼎:在尧舜禹时期应该就有了,或为陶鼎,夏以后多为青铜。古人早有天圆地方的概念,地为方为阴,因此有专家猜想:方鼎是为祭地而造,盛谷物;圆鼎则是盛肉以祭天。)
(毛物:指长有细毛的兽类或禽类。)
仪式中,乐手们奏响了女娲娘娘创制的“笙簧欢歌”,配以鼍鼓、石磬、陶铃等各色声响,动人天籁倾刻间跃动而出,时而如山涛,时而似鸟鸣,在这片气清景明、万物皆显的大地上回响不绝。
(笙簧:匏瓜形乐器,匏瓜即葫芦的旧称。)
礼毕后,欢乐的人们在选好的宽阔场地上摆席设馔,治水众士也都席坐其间,与乡亲们举觞共饮。
昨夜刚落春雨,泥草湿润芬芳,越来越多的人踏着乐声起舞,口中还念唱着诸如“遂草木”、“奋五谷”等祝祷,他们或披兽皮,或饰鸟羽,摩肩接踵,舞姿却是难得一见的欢畅奔放。
“大家伙儿快看!这阵势——像不像百兽出行哪?”说
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