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正文 第27章 流窜(第1页/共3页)

三边总督杨鹤被罢官,标志着朝廷在对待农民军策略上,开始由以抚为主转向以剿为主。

公平的说,老杨已经做的够好了。

陕西内养三王,外供四镇,民困已极;又赶上天灾;还要调兵支援京师;还要防备蒙鞑;还要镇压农民军。

哪有钱粮?哪有兵将?老杨只能以抚为主。

崇祯只拨了十万两赈灾,几天就花干了。受抚农民军没有饭吃,纷纷再次揭竿。

杨鹤心力憔悴,崇祯也不想再给他机会了。

“流贼之祸,起于万历己未。辽东四路进兵,三路大溃,于是杜松、王宣、赵梦麟部下之卒相率西逃。

其时河南抚臣张我续、道臣王景邀击之于孟津,斩首二十余级,飞捷上闻。于是不入潼关,而走山西以至延绥,不敢归伍而落草。

庙堂之上,初因辽事孔棘,精神全注东方,将谓陕西一隅不足深虑。不期调援不止,逃溃转多。饥馑荐臻,胁从弥众,星星之火……”

“陕西兵于万历己未四路出师,败后西归……馀不敢归,为劫于山西、陕西边境。其后调援频仍,逃溃相次,边兵为贼由此而始。

天启辛酉年,延安、庆阳、平凉旱,岁大饥。东事孔棘,有司惟愿军兴,征督如故。民不能供,道殣相望,或群取富者粟,惧捕诛,始聚为盗。

盗起,饥益甚。连年赤地,斗米千钱不能得。人相食,从乱如归。饥民为贼由此而始。”

崇祯元年陕西巡按御史说:“全陕地多贫瘠……自边疆多事,征兵征饷,十室九空。更遇连年凶荒……与其忍饿待毙,不若抢掠苟活……(请求免税赈济,不然)万一祸乱大作,天下动摇,勿谓臣今日缄口不言。”

第一阶段——

“流贼”刚起时,地方官唯恐这把火烧到自己身上,担心朝廷追査责任,会受制裁。无人上报。

崇祯初年陕西巡抚胡廷宴每逢州县以“盗贼“事上报,不问情由先把报信人打一顿板子,说:“此饥氓也,掠至明春后自定耳。”

第二阶段——

然而纸是包不住火的,农民起义的声势一天比一天高涨,地方官再也无法掩盖,只好硬着头皮报告朝廷。

第三阶段——

兵部奉旨查核时,地方官又互相推诿。陕西巡抚说是延绥巡抚管辖的边兵作乱,延绥巡抚又说是陕西内地饥民为盗。

陕西巡按御史则各打五十大板,说:“盗发于白水之七月,初则边贼少而土贼多。今年报盗皆骑锐,动至七八千人。则两抚之推诿隐讳,实酿之也。”

杨鹤到任后,上疏“总因饥荒之极,民不聊生。”

剿贼需要调集大军,“行粮犒赏,所费不赀”,结果仍然是“诛不胜诛”,“屡剿屡不定”。

“仰遵明旨抚剿兼行,然欲行抚剿,必有抚剿之实费,此臣不得不亟请也。必济之以抚,然抚非空言也。”

“即如杜文焕招抚过一千九百人,无一食之饱,从何处安插?”

“徒以抚愚贼,是即以贼自愚,此不终日之计也,此抚之局不易结也。”

“曾有移民就食之说,乃秦中士庶恐引贼入室,未救延安之饥,先酿西凤之乱。臣又不敢复言。”

“考嘉靖十年,陕西曾罹灾荒,特遣吏部侍郎唐龙赈济,然此止于饥荒,未有流贼之乱也。世宗尚谓如何不救?”

“今臣不望大发帑金,但望捐之外府,即于裁扣(驿)站银内许令抚臣通触接济、奏请开销。”

“盖解而散,散而复聚,犹弗散也。必实实赈济,使之糊口有资,而后谓之真解散。

解散之后尚须安插,必实实给与牛种,使之归农复业,而后谓之真安插。

如是,则贼有生之乐,无死之心,自然就抚。抚局既定,剿局亦终。臣所谓欲行剿抚之实著,必有剿抚之实费者此也。”
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